HOW TO NAMING THE STARS

                HOW TO NAMING THE STARS

                                                                                                                        Common Names

Most of the brighter stars in the sky have common names that are of historical and mythological significance. For example, the bright red star in the shoulder region of the constellation Orion (the Hunter) is called Betelgeuse, which comes from Arabic and means (roughly) "the armpit of the mighty one" (see adjacent figure). The brightest star in Orion is a blue-white star called Rigel that is situated at the opposite corner of the constellation from Betelgeuse (adjacent figure).As another example, the brightest star in the constellation Cygnus (the Swan) is situated near the aft portion of the beast and is called Deneb, which is also Arabic in origin and means "the tail of the hen".

The Bayer Naming System

Common names are fine for a few bright stars, but we need a more systematic method to name all the stars that we see. One more systematic method is the Bayer system, which names the brighter stars by assigning a constellation (using the Latin possessive of the name) and a greek letter (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, . . .) in an approximate order of decreasing brightness for stars in the constellation. The adjacent figure illustrates for Orion. Betelgeuse is also called Alpha-Orionis and Rigel is called Beta Orionis in the Bayer system.The ordering of stars by brightness in the classical Bayer system is only approximate. For example, Rigel (Beta Orionis) is actually slightly brighter than Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis), and Kappa Orionis is considerably brighter than the position of Kappa in the Greek alphabet would suggest.
As a final example, the brightest star in the nighttime sky is Sirius, which is in the constellation Canis Major and is termed Alpha Canis Majoris in the Bayer naming system. Here is a list of 70 of the brighter stars, including common names, Bayer names, positions on the celestial sphere, and spectral class.

The Flamsteed Naming System

The Bayer system is a little more systematic than a set of common names, but there are only a finite number of letters in the Greek alphabet, so it cannot be used easily to name very many stars. The Flamsteed naming system can in principle be used to name any number of stars. In this system one uses the same Latin possessive of the constellation name as in the Bayer system, but the stars are distinguished, not by their brightness, but by their nearness to the western edge of the constellation by assigning an arabic numeral. Thus, the closest star to the western edge of the constellation Cygnus is called 1-Cygni in the Flamsteed system and 61-Cygni denotes the star that is the 61st closest to the western edge.

Star Catalogs

There are various specialized star catalogs in which stars may be given names according to some convention. Such specialized catalogs are of importance in astronomical research, but we won't discuss them further in our introductory course.